1 ZANDANSHATAR GOMBOJAV APPOINTED AS PRIME MINISTER OF MONGOLIA WWW.MONTSAME.MN PUBLISHED:2025/06/13      2 WHAT MONGOLIA’S NEW PRIME MINISTER MEANS FOR ITS DEMOCRACY WWW.TIME.COM PUBLISHED:2025/06/13      3 ULAANBAATAR DIALOGUE SHOWS MONGOLIA’S FOREIGN POLICY CONTINUITY AMID POLITICAL UNREST WWW.THEDIPLOMAT.COM PUBLISHED:2025/06/13      4 THE UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND (UNICEF) IN MONGOLIA, THE NATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR SUPPORTING THE BILLION TREES MOVEMENT, AND CREDITECH STM NBFI LLC HAVE JOINTLY LAUNCHED THE “ONE CHILD – ONE TREE” INITIATIVE WWW.BILLIONTREE.MN PUBLISHED:2025/06/13      5 NEW MONGOLIAN PM TAKES OFFICE AFTER CORRUPTION PROTESTS WWW.AFP.MN PUBLISHED:2025/06/13      6 GOLD, MINED BY ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINERS OF MONGOLIA TO BE SUPPLIED TO INTERNATIONAL JEWELRY COMPANIES WWW.MONTSAME.MN PUBLISHED:2025/06/13      7 AUSTRIA PUBLISHES SYNTHESIZED TEXTS OF TAX TREATIES WITH ICELAND, KAZAKHSTAN AND MONGOLIA AS IMPACTED BY BEPS MLI WWW.ORBITAX.COM  PUBLISHED:2025/06/13      8 THE UNITED STATES AND MONGOLIA OPEN THE CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING IN ULAANBAATAR WWW.MN.USEMBASSY.GOV  PUBLISHED:2025/06/12      9 MONGOLIA'S 'DRAGON PRINCE' DINOSAUR WAS FORERUNNER OF T. REX WWW.REUTERS.COM PUBLISHED:2025/06/12      10 MONGOLIA’S PIVOT TO CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS: STRATEGIC REALIGNMENTS AND REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS WWW.CACIANALYST.ORG  PUBLISHED:2025/06/12      БӨӨРӨЛЖҮҮТИЙН ЦАХИЛГААН СТАНЦЫН II БЛОКИЙГ 12 ДУГААР САРД АШИГЛАЛТАД ОРУУЛНА WWW.MONTSAME.MN НИЙТЭЛСЭН:2025/06/15     ОРОН СУУЦНЫ ҮНЭ 14.3 ХУВИАР ӨСЖЭЭ WWW.EGUUR.MN НИЙТЭЛСЭН:2025/06/15     МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН 34 ДЭХ ЕРӨНХИЙ САЙДААР Г.ЗАНДАНШАТАРЫГ ТОМИЛЛОО WWW.MONTSAME.MN НИЙТЭЛСЭН:2025/06/13     SXCOAL: МОНГОЛЫН НҮҮРСНИЙ ЭКСПОРТ ЗАХ ЗЭЭЛИЙН ХҮНДРЭЛИЙН СҮҮДЭРТ ХУМИГДАЖ БАЙНА WWW.ITOIM.MN НИЙТЭЛСЭН:2025/06/13     МОНГОЛ БАНК: ТЭТГЭВРИЙН ЗЭЭЛД ТАВИХ ӨР ОРЛОГЫН ХАРЬЦААГ 50:50 БОЛГОЛОО WWW.EGUUR.MN НИЙТЭЛСЭН:2025/06/13     МОНГОЛ ДАХЬ НҮБ-ЫН ХҮҮХДИЙН САН, ТЭРБУМ МОД ҮНДЭСНИЙ ХӨДӨЛГӨӨНИЙГ ДЭМЖИХ САН, КРЕДИТЕХ СТМ ББСБ ХХК “ХҮҮХЭД БҮРД – НЭГ МОД” САНААЧИЛГЫГ ХАМТРАН ХЭРЭГЖҮҮЛНЭ WWW.BILLIONTREE.MN НИЙТЭЛСЭН:2025/06/13     ЕРӨНХИЙЛӨГЧИЙН ТАМГЫН ГАЗРЫН ДАРГААР А.ҮЙЛСТӨГӨЛДӨР АЖИЛЛАНА WWW.EAGLE.MN НИЙТЭЛСЭН:2025/06/13     34 ДЭХ ЕРӨНХИЙ САЙД Г.ЗАНДАНШАТАР ХЭРХЭН АЖИЛЛАНА ГЭЖ АМЛАВ? WWW.EGUUR.MN НИЙТЭЛСЭН:2025/06/13     “АНГЛИ ХЭЛНИЙ МЭРГЭШЛИЙН ТӨВ”-ИЙГ МУИС-Д НЭЭЛЭЭ WWW.MONTSAME.MN НИЙТЭЛСЭН:2025/06/13     Г.ЗАНДАНШАТАР БАЯЛГИЙН САНГИЙН БОДЛОГЫГ ҮРГЭЛЖЛҮҮЛНЭ ГЭЖ АМЛАЛАА WWW.EGUUR.MN НИЙТЭЛСЭН:2025/06/12    

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Events

Events

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MBCC “Doing Business with Mongolia seminar and Christmas Receptiom” Dec 10. 2024 London UK MBCCI London UK Goodman LLC

NEWS

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Trump’s Second Coming: Mongolia Watches the Chaos With Caution www.thediplomat.com

For Mongolia – a small democracy navigating life between two resurgent authoritarian powers – Trump’s worldview poses a silent but serious challenge.
As the world is grappling with the shocks of Donald Trump’s return to the White House, Mongolia finds itself reflecting on the implications of a second Trump presidency – not as an abstract geopolitical puzzle but as a small democracy navigating life between two resurgent authoritarian powers.
Trump’s first presidency was not merely unorthodox; it disrupted decades of assumptions about U.S. global leadership. His transactional view of alliances, affection for strongmen, and erratic policies deeply unsettled many in Washington and abroad. For Mongolia, a country whose foreign policy is anchored in its “third neighbor” strategy to diversify relationships beyond China and Russia, Trump’s worldview posed a silent but serious challenge.
Mongolia has no illusions about its geographic constraints. Our two neighbors – Russia and China – have increasingly aligned in opposition to the Western liberal order. Trump, however, seems determined to exploit perceived rifts between them. His desire to court Russia in a bid to isolate China ignores the reality that Moscow and Beijing are now, for all practical purposes, strategic brothers. Their coordination – from military exercises to diplomatic posturing – has only deepened since Trump first took office. To many Mongolian observers, it is clear that Trump has misread the nature of their partnership. Worse, his misreading carries global consequences.
Trump’s foreign policy seems to be often guided less by doctrine than impulse. His open admiration for leaders like Russia’s Vladimir Putin, his public disdain for multilateralism, and his skepticism toward traditional alliances all suggested a United States increasingly willing to retreat from its global responsibilities. For Mongolia, that raised concerns. Our survival strategy hinges on an engaged international community and a predictable rules-based order. The Trump-era unpredictability shook that foundation.
Beyond geopolitics, Trump’s economic nationalism is rattling small economies worldwide. His tariff wars and contempt for trade agreements are injecting needless volatility into global markets. Mongolia, a resource-exporting nation vulnerable to external shocks, is watching warily as China-U.S. tensions escalate under Trump’s leadership. If such conflicts continue to intensify without an off-ramp for either side, Mongolia’s economic stability could again be collateral damage.
Moreover, Trump’s personal style – marked by grievance, vengeance, and nostalgia – invites comparisons to autocrats. His continued insistence that the 2020 election was stolen, his attacks on institutions, and his disdain for critics reflect not democratic resilience but democratic backsliding. To those of us in Mongolia working to preserve democratic gains, Trump’s behavior is a cautionary tale.
At home, Trump fractured his nation, remade U.S. politics in his image, and encouraged political violence. Internationally, he pulled the U.S. from key agreements, alienated allies, and undermined trust. As one American analyst put it, Trump left the world with a sense that the U.S. could no longer be counted on.
In Mongolia, we understand the cost of global disarray. We rely on steady diplomacy, open markets, and consistent rules. Trump’s brand of disruption shakes those very pillars. It is emboldening the forces that want to see small democracies like ours squeezed, silenced, or sidelined.
And yet, Mongolia remains pragmatic. We do not choose sides in partisan battles abroad. We will work with any administration that respects our sovereignty, supports our development, and values our democratic voice. But we can only perceive Trump’s adventurism not with enthusiasm, but with unease.
By Bayarkhuu Dashdorj

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Mongolia Considers Acquiring 34% Stake in Eight Potential Strategic Deposits www.news.mn

Mongolia may take a 34% stake in Xanadu Mines Ltd.’s Kharmagtai copper-gold project after a proposal to classify the asset as a strategic deposit was submitted to the government, according to Government’s Plenipotentiary Representative Batzandan Jalbasuren. The move, announced on April 15, could bring the ASX-listed explorer’s flagship asset under partial state ownership if approved.
Strategic deposits in Mongolia are defined as mineral resources critical to national economic and developmental interests. Under existing law, the government can acquire a 34% to 50% stake in such deposits without compensation. Of the 16 deposits currently designated as strategic, seven are state-owned. Lawmakers are now pushing to expand the list to include high-potential assets such as Kharmagtai, and authorities are working to formalize and enforce these rights more actively.
Plenipotentiary Representative Batzandan, appointed to lead the initiative, is focused on expanding the strategic deposit list and determining the appropriate level of state ownership in each case.
Zijin Mining, which owns 19.4% of Xanadu and holds a 50% stake in the Kharmagtai joint venture, had been expected to increase its involvement through a proposed transaction. However, that plan now appears to be on hold as discussions continue.
Under Mongolia’s Mineral Law, no entity may hold more than 34% of the shares in a company that owns a strategic deposit, either directly or through related parties. If Kharmagtai is classified as strategic, this restriction could complicate the existing partnership between Zijin and Xanadu.
According to Batzandan, the proposal includes a total of eight deposits for strategic designation. Alongside Kharmagtai, the list features Bayan Khundii and Altan Nar – two projects owned by Toronto-listed Erdene Resource Development.

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Price of Gold Jumps by USD 693.9 per Ounce Compared to 2024 www.montsame.mn

In the first quarter of 2025, Mongolia traded with 128 countries, with exports reaching USD 3 billion and imports USD 2.5 billion, gaining USD 465.1 million in profit, according to the National Statistics Office of Mongolia.
In the first three months of 2025, imports rose by USD 133.4 million compared to the same period last year. This increase was driven by purchases from foreign countries., These include USD 73.6 million on passenger vehicles, USD 21.9 million on diesel fuel, USD 21.3 million on auto parts, USD 18.3 million on trucks, and USD 11.7 million on cell phones.
Imports consisting of mineral products, vehicles and mechanical products, consumer electronics, vehicles, and spare parts make up 74.5 percent of total imports.
Copper ore and copper concentrate ore exports rose by USD 291.8 million, zinc ore and zinc concentrate by USD 39.7 million, and fluorite and fluorspar by USD 29.3 million.
The price of gold rose by USD 693.6 per ounce and copper ore and copper concentrate by USD 291.5 per ton compared to the same period in 2024.
Coal made up 48.3 percent of exports to the People's Republic of China, and copper and copper concentrate made up 33.5 percent. Raw and refined gold constituted 99.3 percent of total exports to Switzerland.
Iron ore and iron concentrate prices fell by USD 7.6 per ton and coal by USD 47.1 per ton.
In the first three months of 2025, Gashuun Sukhait cross-border railroad port was the main gateway for coal exports, amounting to 49.1 percent. This is down by 3.4 percentage points compared to the same period in 2024. Six countries make up 86.3 percent of the total imports to Mongolia. Specifically, 33.1 percent from China, 27.6 percent from Russia, 13.8 percent from Japan, 4.9 percent from the U.S., 4 percent from Korea, and 2.9 percent from Germany.
Of the total imports from Russia, oil accounted for 76.7 percent. Vehicles made up 81.4 percent of imports from Japan and 10.2 percent from China.

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Mortgage Payment Rate Stands at 97.8 Percent www.montsame.mn

As of the end of March 2025, savings in Tugrug, the national currency of Mongolia, reached MNT 22.1 trillion, which is an increase of MNT 4 trillion compared to the same period of 2024.
Savings made by individuals amounted to MNT 19.1 trillion, while those of enterprises rose to MNT 3 trillion. Foreign currency savings are up to MNT 5 trillion, an MNT 466.6 billion increase compared to the same period last year.
The loan balances for enterprises and individuals are MNT 38.9 trillion as of the end of March, which is an increase of MNT 9.7 trillion compared to the same period last year. The ratio of loan balance by type of borrowers is 59.4 percent by individuals, 37.9 percent by private enterprises, 1.2 percent by government organizations, and 1.5 percent by financial entities.
The performing loans reached MNT 35.3 trillion, an MNT 9.4 trillion increase compared to the same period last year, making up 90.8 percent of the total loan balance.
Watch-list loans are up by MNT 280.7 billion compared to the same period last year, reaching MNT 1.5 trillion. This classification of loans is four percent of the total loan balance.
Non-performing loans are at MNT 2 trillion, MNT 9.5 billion lower compared to the same period in 2024. Although this may seem like a positive sign, it still amounts to five percent of the total loan balance.
Payment balance for mortgage lent to residents by the Mongolian Mortgage Corporation and commercial banks is at MNT 9.7 trillion, which is up by MNT 1.9 billion compared to the same period last year.
MNT 9.5 trillion of the mortgage payment balance is assessed as no-risk loans, which shows that home lending repayment is at 97.8 percent.
The Bank of Mongolia announced the Tugrug's exchange rate to the U.S. Dollar is at MNT 3475.38, a depreciation of MNT 99.2 compared to the same period of 2024. The monthly exchange rate of the Tugrug against the Euro depreciated by MNT 100.1, and is now at MNT 3768.52, while the exchange rate against the Ruble is at MNT 40.74, a depreciation of MNT 4. The average monthly rate for Chinese Yuan to Mongolian Tugrug is MNT 479.56, a depreciation of MNT 10.8.
At the end of March 2025, 12.7 percent of the cash flow was from net foreign assets and 87.3 percent from net domestic assets. The net foreign assets as of March 2025 amounted to MNT 5.3 trillion, according to a preliminary report, which is up by MNT 4.5 trillion compared to the same period in 2024, but lower by MNT 234.3 billion compared to February 2025.

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Beyond borders: Casa Rinaldi expands to Mongolia www.casarinaldi.com

As you know by now, at Casa Rinaldi, bringing the taste of Italy to tables around the world has always been more than just a mission, it’s a way of doing business. With a deep respect for culinary tradition and an eye toward global innovation, our international growth reflects a commitment to meeting food lovers, chefs, and professionals where they are, with products that speak their language and meet their needs.
Today, we’re proud to share a new milestone in this journey: the opening of Casa Rinaldi Mongolia, our newest subsidiary located in the heart of Ulaanbaatar.
A global approach with a local touch
With several international subsidiaries already established, Casa Rinaldi’s presence abroad is a key part of how we continue to evolve as a modern food company. These local entities are more than distribution hubs, they allow us to truly understand and respond to each market’s unique rhythms.
Subsidiaries offer three essential advantages:
Greater control over local operations
Stronger market penetration and visibility
The flexibility to adapt quickly to evolving demands, especially in the foodservice sector
By being on the ground, we’re able to listen, learn, and shape our offering accordingly. Whether it’s developing new formats, adjusting packaging, or curating a product selection tailored to local tastes, our subsidiaries help us remain both consistent and agile.
A new chapter in Ulaanbaatar
The launch of Casa Rinaldi Mongolia is especially meaningful. Italian cuisine is still emerging in the Mongolian market, and we’re proud to be among the first to bring high-quality, Made in Italy products to this part of the world.
With a dedicated commercial structure, warehouse, and team in place, Casa Rinaldi Mongolia will serve both the HoReCa and retail sectors. The goal is clear: to share Italian flavors with more people, while laying the groundwork growth in a market full of potential.
We’re already working with our partners on the ground to understand which products resonate most and how we can expand our assortment to meet local demand. From everyday essentials to specialty ingredients for professional kitchens, we’re ready to bring the Italian table to Mongolia, one ingredient at a time.

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Number of Passengers Crossing Mongolian Border Increases by 290,200 in the First Quarter of 2025 www.montsame.mn

A total of 1,632,600 passenger crossings (duplicated count) were recorded at Mongolia’s borders in the first quarter of 2025, marking an increase of 290,200 compared to the same period in 2024.
Of the 825,100 passengers who entered Mongolia during the first quarter of 2025, 38.1% did so via Zamyn-Uud, 25.5% via Chinggis Khaan International Airport, 9% via Altanbulag, 8.6% via Gashuunsukhait, 4.8% via Shiveekhuren, and 14% through other border checkpoints.
Among the total passengers, 699,500 were Mongolian citizens and 125,600 were foreign nationals, showing an increase of 142,500 Mongolian and 14,700 foreign passengers year-on-year. Of the foreign entrants, 83,700 were men and 41,900 were women. By age group, 65,900 were between 35 and 54 years old, making this the largest group.
In terms of stay duration, 18,800 passengers stayed for up to 10 days, 84,800 for up to 30 days, 1,400 for 60 to 90 days, and 20,600 for over 90 days. By region, 60.2% of foreign nationals came from East Asia and the Pacific, 35.1% from Europe, 1.9% from the Americas, 1.6% from the Middle East, 1% from South Asia, and 0.2% from Africa.
Among the foreign visitors, 42.6% were from China, 30.6% from Russia, 8% from South Korea, 2.3% from Kazakhstan, 2.2% from Japan, and 14.3% from other countries. Compared to the same period in 2024, the number of tourists from Russia increased by 4,700, from China by 9,900, from Japan by 400, and from Kazakhstan by 100, while the number of South Korean tourists decreased by 1,400.
In the first quarter of 2025, 688,100 Mongolian citizens (duplicated count) traveled abroad, an increase of 118,100 compared to the same period of 2024. This rise was primarily driven by an increase of 88,900 travelers to China, 3,400 to Russia, 5,800 to South Korea, and 7,000 to Vietnam.
Of those who traveled abroad, 417,900 were men and 270,200 were women. The majority, 445,300, were aged between 30 and 54. Regarding travel duration, 22,200 stayed for up to 10 days, 641,800 for up to 30 days, 3,400 for 60 to 90 days, and 20,700 for over 90 days.
Of the Mongolian citizens who traveled abroad, 20,300 did so for official/business purposes, while 667,800 traveled for personal reasons. By purpose of travel, 143,200 crossed the border for employment, 110,300 for tourism, and 384,000 for other reasons. Among those seeking employment, 141,400 went to China, with 65,300 entering via Gashuunsukhait, 33,500 via Shiveekhuren, 18,600 via Bichigt, and 25,800 via other checkpoints.
During the same period, a total of 792,400 vehicles (duplicated count) crossed the Mongolian border, an increase of 75,900 compared to the same quarter of 2024. Of these, 43.6% were freight trucks, 31.8% freight trains, 21.5% passenger vehicles, and 3.1% other types. In total, 45.2% of vehicles crossed through Zamyn-Uud, 16.4% via Gashuunsukhait, 8.4% via Shiveekhuren, 7% via Altanbulag, and 23% through other checkpoints.

 

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Mongolia's foreign trade turnover down 8.3 pct in Q1 www.xinhuanet.com

Mongolia's foreign trade turnover decreased by 8.3 percent year-on-year to reach 5.6 billion U.S. dollars in the first quarter of this year, according to data released Tuesday by the country's National Statistics Office.
During the period, exports decreased 17.5 percent to 3.1 billion dollars, while imports increased 5.5 percent to 2.5 billion dollars.
The decline in exports was mainly influenced by the supply of coal, gold, iron ore and crude oil from Mongolia to foreign countries.
The landlocked country traded with 128 economies worldwide in the above-mentioned period.

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Chairman of the State Great Khural of Mongolia Receives Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China www.montsame.mn

On April 14, 2025, Chairman of the State Great Khural (Parliament) of Mongolia Amarbayasgalan Dashzegve received a Chinese delegation headed by Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China Losang Jamcan. The Chinese delegation is visiting Mongolia to attend the 6th Session of the Permanent Meeting Mechanism between the State Great Khural of Mongolia and the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China.
At the meeting, Chairman of the State Great Khural Amarbayasgalan extended a warm welcome to Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Losang Jamcan and the Chinese delegation, expressing the Mongolian Parliament's readiness to further deepen and expand bilateral relations and cooperation between the two countries within the legal and legislative framework. Emphasizing the importance of strengthening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Mongolia and the People's Republic of China, Chairman Amarbayasgalan wished success for the 6th Session of the Permanent Meeting Mechanism between the State Great Khural of Mongolia and the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China.
Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China Losang Jamcan expressed China’s commitment to elevating bilateral parliamentary cooperation and enhancing collaboration and exchanging experiences with the Secretariat of the State Great Khural of Mongolia, the Standing Committees of the State Great Khural, and the Mongolia-China Parliamentary Friendship Group.
At the meeting, the two sides exchanged views on strengthening cooperation in border port infrastructure development, renewable energy, tourism, and agriculture.

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What Mongolia Can Learn From South Korea’s Waste Management System www.thediplomat.com

As Mongolian consumption increases, the capital, and its municipalities need a working mechanism to manage the growing amount of waste. Mongolia’s waste sector is in dire need of not only policy reform but also a new way of looking at waste and its connections to public and environmental health. In improving and modernizing its waste sector, Mongolia can learn from South Korea’s experience and adopt some of its models. 
In Mongolia today, there are 415 illegal waste dumping sites, which include a variety of garbage types. Environmental and public health advocates are seriously concerned about the mismanaged waste, predicting major environmental impacts as well as diseases for the Mongolian people. 
Records indicate that, from apartments to the ger districts, food waste makes up around 36 to 41 percent of all waste. The absence of separate handling for food waste is contributing to methane emissions in the capital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar. 
In 2024, the Ministry of Construction and Urban Development (MCUD) reported that the annual output of municipal solid waste was 2.9 million tons, of which roughly 17-20 percent was recycled. The ministry estimated, however, that up to 85 percent of the total waste was potentially recyclable, but the vast majority ends up in landfills. Because of this inefficient waste management, Mongolia is listed as one of the top 10 generators of plastic trash per capita. 
Adding to the problem, hazardous waste – whether from laboratories, research institutes, industry, or storage – is often disposed of as general municipal waste. According to Montsame News Agency, “at least 6,250 tons or 1,600 thousand pieces of lead-acid batteries” – over 80 percent of all used batteries – are simply dumped, without proper disposal, every year in Mongolia. The health and environmental implications are enormous, Montsame noted: “Expired automotive batteries produce a variety of toxic substances, while only one small finger-sized battery can pollute 20 square meters of land or 400 liters of water.” 
The Mongolian government and its municipalities have launched strategies to cope with increasing waste. The current government is implementing the National Waste Management Improvement Strategy and Action Plan 2017-2030. As of last year, there are 64 waste recycling plants and three landfill sites in Ulaanbaatar, of which two are considered sanitary. 
Previous administrations have pursued other strategies. Mongolia implemented past plans such as Reduce the Open Burning of Waste 2015-2020 and the Food Waste Recycling Project 2017-2024. The government has also been implementing waste sorting and classification projects since 2017. Last year, in March, Mongolia’s first battery recycling plant became operational. 
International organizations, too, have supported Mongolia’s waste management efforts. Mongolia’s first-ever sanitary landfill, Narangiin Enger, was built in 2009, with the assistance of the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The second one, Moringiin Davaa, was funded by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and completed in September 2024. 
It is also important to note that, in recent years, Mongolia’s waste management sector has had closer links to sustainable development and environmental concerns, thus increasing exposure to expert research and recommendations on day-to-day handling. 
For example, the European Union’s Switch-Asia Program is one such initiative that is addressing Mongolia’s waste management crisis. The Sustainable Plastic Recycling in Mongolia (SPRIM) project brought a newer approach to Mongolia’s traditional handling of waste management by supporting waste segregation, green businesses, and plastic recycling at various administrative units – including Ulaanbaatar, Bulgan Province, and Khishig-Undur soum, a subprovincial unit – between 2020 and 2024. These local efforts provided a model strategy to further enforce sustainable waste practices on a broader scale. As of 2024, Ulaanbaatar can now process 44,420 tons of plastic waste per year. 
Notably, Switch-Asia program’s research and advocacy of Extended Producer Responsibility in Law on Waste have been sought as a good foundation for regulatory enhancement. Waste sectors in leading countries such as the European Union, South Korea, and Japan are implementing its recommendations to varying degrees. 
However, Europe is not the only model to consider. The Mongolian government must prioritize the need to improve waste management by learning from South Korea’s experience. 
South Korea’s Experience in Robust Waste Management
South Korea faced a growing waste crisis between 1980 and 1990. Within a decade, policymakers turned the crisis into both a business opportunity and an environmentally friendly solution. Today, South Korea recycles 95 percent of its food waste, landfills only 13.5 percent of household waste, and has become a leader in finding innovative solutions to the constantly increasing consumer economy. 
What made this possible was a combination of strict government intervention and increasing public’s awareness and support, altering the Korean people’s relationship to waste. South Korea is home to 52 million people, compared to Mongolia’s 3.4 million population. If South Korea could succeed, it is unacceptable that Mongolia is failing to handle its waste.
One of the policy turning points in South Korea’s waste crisis was the predicting the overuse of the Nanjido Landfill. When the government proposed to create another landfill, it faced public backlash, which forced policymakers to draft the Waste Management Act of 1986. The act was a foundation for many of the waste management systems and mechanisms that followed, and led to an emphasis on recycling in 1992. The mandatory recycling for 15 types of waste proved a game-changer. Today, South Korea recycles 50 different products and currently aims to recycle all electrical and electronic waste by 2028. 
With supporting systems like the Deposit Refund System (DRS) in 1992, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in 2003, and Recycling Subsidies and Incentives systems, South Korea created an effective waste management system. South Korea’s comprehensive intervention changed how the country and its citizens handle waste. 
If in 2001 South Korea had 418 waste recycling plants; in 2023, the industry has grown to 10,240 establishments in waste management services. 
On the global stage, South Korea continues to be a leader in reducing plastic production, promoting green growth and environmental care. During the 2024 Bridge to Busan Declaration, South Korea has made green growth a national political priority and has become a leading Asian country in climate change. 
South Korea’s zero waste strategy can also provide a solution to solving Mongolia’s waste crisis. As Mongolia’s economy continue to depend on its mining sector, different types of waste are likely to be present. Toxic substances like molybdenum, arsenic, chromium, lead, and heavy metals have direct contact with people’s residences. The dumping of these toxins in the streets will have a direct link to increasing cancer rates in Mongolia. Unfortunately, these unregulated wastes make Mongolia’s poverty even more pronounced and beg real-time action. Taking environmental and public health into consideration, Mongolia’s waste management is indeed an important sector that needs to be improved. 
In Mongolia’s current situation, climate change, and environmentally friendly initiatives have received support from the highest level of the government, with President Khurelsukh Ukhnaa pledging to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. South Korea, being a strategic partner of Mongolia, can and should enter sectors that need innovative investment to solve protracted issues, such as waste management. 
BY
Guest Author
Bolor Lkhaajav
Bolor Lkhaajav is a researcher specializing in Mongolia, China, Russia, Japan, East Asia, and the Americas. She holds an M.A. in Asia-Pacific Studies from the University of San Francisco.
Khaliun Sanchir
Khaliun Sanchir is a conservationist, currently working on the implementation of Ulaanbaatar’s Sustainable Water Supply project with the Millennium Challenge Corporation.

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Operational Update for the Quarter Ended 31 March 2025 www.globenewswire.com

HONG KONG, April 16, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The board of directors (the “Board”) of Mongolian Mining Corporation (the “Company”, together with its subsidiaries, collectively the “Group”) wishes to announce the unaudited operational update for the quarter ended 31 March 2025. The comparative figures for the quarter ended 31 March 2024 and the quarter ended 31 December 2024 are also disclosed in this announcement (if and as applicable).
The Company is the largest internationally listed private mining company with operations focused on and located in Mongolia. The Group has consolidated a diversified business portfolio to develop and operate coking (metallurgical) coal, gold, copper, and other non-ferrous metals mining assets in southern and western regions of Mongolia.
Coking (metallurgical) coal operations
Energy Resources LLC (“ER”), the Group’s wholly-owned subsidiary, operates Ukhaa Khudag (“UHG”) coking coal mine and Khangad Exploration LLC (“KEX”), the Group’s majority-owned subsidiary, operates Baruun Naran (“BN”) coking coal mine, both located in Umnugobi aimag (province), Mongolia. The Group is the largest producer and exporter of washed coking coal products in Mongolia.
During the quarter ended 31 March 2025, the Group’s run-of-mine (“ROM”) coal mining combined output from UHG and BN mines was 3,673.4 thousand tonnes (“kt”), representing 3% year-on-year (“YoY”) increase and remains unchanged on quarter-on-quarter (“QoQ”) basis as compared to the corresponding periods ended 31 March 2024 and 31 December 2024, respectively.
The Group processed a total of 3,749.5 kt of ROM coking coal to produce 2,110.0 kt of washed coking coal products, representing 2% YoY decrease compared to the corresponding period ended 31 March 2024 and 1% QoQ increase compared to the previous quarter ended 31 December 2024.
The Group’s operating subsidiaries ER and KEX sold a total of 1,600.4 kt of washed coking coal products in the first quarter of 2025, whilst washed coking coal product mix supplied by the Group to its customers was as follows: (i) 1,079.4 kt of washed hard coking coal; (ii) 72.2 kt of washed semi-soft coking coal; and (iii) 448.7 kt of washed mid-ash semi-hard coking coal. This represents 3% YoY decrease compared to the corresponding period of 2024 and 15% QoQ decrease compared to the previous quarter ended 31 December 2024.
The main operational data for coking (metallurgical) coal operations summarised and shown below in Table 1 are all rounded and derived from the internal records of the Group and are intended to give investors an overview of the Group’s operations in a timely manner and may differ from the data disclosed in periodic reports of the Company.
Table 1. Main operational data for the quarter ended 31 March 2025:
    The quarter
ended
31 March The quarter
ended
31 March YoY
change The quarter
ended
31 December QoQ
change
Item Unit 2025 2024 (%) 2024 (%)
ROM coal mined kt 3,673.4 3,563.7 +3% 3,684.5 0%
ROM coking coal processed kt 3,749.5 3,694.6 +1% 3,947.8 -5%
Washed coking coal produced kt 2,110.0 2,161.7 -2% 2,085.6 +1%
Washed coking coal sold kt 1,600.4 1,650.3 -3% 1,886.1 -15%
Gold and metals operations
The Group is 50% equity holder of Erdene Mongol LLC (“EM”), which is currently developing Bayan Khundii (“BKH”) gold mine located in Bayankhongor aimag (province), Mongolia, and gold production is expected to commence in the second half of 2025.
The Group has continued with project development to advance construction work at the BKH mine, which has an expected life of mine total production of 476 thousand ounces (“Koz”) of recovered gold according to the updated feasibility study prepared in 2023 in accordance with NI 43-101 reporting standards.
During the quarter ended 31 March 2025, EM continued to advance construction work for gold processing plant and site support facilities, including power, heat and water supply infrastructure, laboratory, warehouse, chemicals and blasting materials storages, office and accommodation camp. The construction work progress reached around 86.5% by the end of the first quarter of 2025 according to the project development schedule. The commissioning process is expected to start within the second quarter of 2025.
On 11 December 2024, the Company and Mongolian Mining Corporation Pte. Ltd (a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company), entered into an agreement to purchase 50.5% of the issued and outstanding share capital of Universal Copper LLC (“UCC”), a company engaged in the exploration of copper and other non-ferrous metals and holds minerals exploitation special permits located in Bayankhongor aimag (province), Mongolia. Subsequently, upon closing on 11 March 2025, UCC became a subsidiary of the Company.
Important notice
The aforesaid operational data are not an express or implied forecast or guarantee in respect of the Company’s future operating conditions.
In addition, various factors may affect results, including (but not limited to) force majeure events, changes in market conditions and regulatory interferences, as such material differences may exist in the operational data published from quarter to quarter.
Investors should note that undue reliance on or use of the above information may cause investment risks.
For and on behalf of the Board
Mongolian Mining Corporation
Odjargal Jambaljamts
Chairman
As at the date of this announcement, the board of directors of the Company consists of Mr. Odjargal Jambaljamts and Dr. Battsengel Gotov, being the executive directors of the Company, Mr. Od Jambaljamts, Ms. Enkhtuvshin Gombo and Mr. Myagmarjav Ganbyamba, being the non-executive directors of the Company, and Dr. Khashchuluun Chuluundorj, Mr. Unenbat Jigjid, Mr. Chan Tze Ching, Ignatius, Ms. Delgerjargal Bayanjargal and Dr. Tsend-Ayush Tuvshintur, being the independent non-executive directors of the Company.
Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited and The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited take no responsibility for the contents of this announcement, make no representation as to its accuracy or completeness and expressly disclaim any liability whatsoever for any loss howsoever arising from or in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this announcement.

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