A German research group has identified Mongolia’s South Gobi region as an ideal location for the production of cost-competitive green hydrogen. Elsewhere, the U.K. is seeing more on and offshore-powered renewable hydrogen projects.

A collaboration between researchers at the Energy Safety Research Institute at Swansea University and cement producer Hanson UK has seen the installation of a new green hydrogen demonstration unit at the company’s Regen GGBS plant in Port Talbot, South Wales.

While water scarcity could be an issue, researchers from Germany's NewClimate Institute and Fraunhofer ISI have pinpointed Mongolia as a nation with abundant potential for producing affordable green hydrogen. “We find that green hydrogen could be produced relatively affordably, at $3.30-4.70/kg … compared to a global average [cost] of $4.80/kg in 2020,” stated an announcement on Friday about the research. “The … optimal location for green hydrogen production with respect to … cost effectiveness, is in the South Gobi region.” The researchers suggested heavy-duty mining vehicles could drive demand for the gas. “As most [of Mongolia's] mining activities are located in the South Gobi area, green hydrogen can be produced at lowest cost close to the end-use site[s] and, therefore, has the advantage of not having to develop any transportation infrastructure for the green hydrogen, which otherwise could significantly impact the cost-effectiveness,” added the authors of the study.

U.K.-based energy company Chariot has signed a memorandum of understanding with the government of Mauritania to develop up to 10 GW of solar and wind-powered green hydrogen. “Benefiting from Mauritania’s world class solar and wind resources, Project Nour has the potential to allow Mauritania to produce the cheapest green hydrogen in Africa and to become one of the world’s main producers and exporters of green hydrogen and its derivative products, close to potential, large European markets,” Chariot wrote yesterday, adding Project Nour has secured exclusivity for pre-feasibility and feasibility studies for an onshore and offshore area of around 14,400km.

The U.K. and Welsh governments have approved the £58.7 million ($80.4 million) Swansea Bay City Deal’s Supporting Innovation and Low Carbon Growth program, which comprises seven projects, one of which concerns hydrogen. The latter project aims to enable “a demonstrator to prove [the] commercial viability of carbon-free hydrogen supply to fuel hydrogen vehicles,” and includes Swansea University as a partner. The university this year joined cement maker Hanson UK to install a green hydrogen demonstration unit at the latter’s Regen GGBS plant in Port Talbot, South Wales.

U.K.-based offshore engineering business Aquaterra Energy has signed a partnership with renewable hydrogen producer Lhyfe and offshore drilling contractor Borr Drilling to develop a concept for offshore green hydrogen production in the North Sea. “The organizations behind Project Haldane will develop an industrial scale offshore green hydrogen production concept through the deployment of an electrolyzer system on a converted jack-up rig,” read an announcement last week. The aim is to solve the challenges of grid connectivity to exploit North Sea wind, “providing an off take for the electricity produced in the immediate vicinity of the wind farm.”

Nuclear and renewables are both needed for electricity and hydrogen production, to cut dependency on fossil fuels, power analyst Aurora Energy Research wrote in a report on Saturday. The statement read: “Together, nuclear and renewables can provide the hydrogen volumes needed for net zero in 2050. Deploying large volumes of nuclear alongside renewables is economically efficient, reducing the net present value of total system spend by 6-9% (£40-60 billion [$54.8-82.2 billion]) to 2050.” According to the report, commissioned by British energy company Urenco, cumulative greenhouse gas emissions to 2050 can be reduced by 80 MtCO2e and gas usage in power and hydrogen by 8 PWh.

Swedish–Swiss technology company ABB and China’s PERIC Hydrogen Technologies have signed a memorandum of understanding to accelerate the adoption of hydrogen as an energy source. “Both companies will explore how integration of ABB’s automation, electrification and digital solutions with PERIC’s electrolyzers can help reduce hydrogen generation costs in the future,” ABB wrote today. The aim is for a detailed action plan and specific agreement to be defined within three months. ABB highlighted a focus on automation, electrification, digital solutions, rectifiers, distributed control systems, energy management, advanced analytics, instrumentation and telecommunication.

Saudi Arabian energy company Aramco, U.S.-based Air Products, and Saudi utility ACWA Power have announced agreements for the acquisition and project financing of a $12 billion air separation unit (ASU), gasification and power joint venture (JV) in Jazan Economic City, Saudi Arabia. “The JV is purchasing the ASUs, gasification, syngas clean-up, utilities and power assets from Aramco,” the partners announced yesterday. “The JV owns and operates the facility under a 25-year contract for a fixed monthly fee. Aramco will supply feedstock to the JV, and the JV will produce power, steam, hydrogen and other utilities for Aramco.”

In support of Mongolian capital city's green and digital transition, IFC and the Municipality of Ulaanbaatar today signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to jointly identify investment opportunities and collaborate with the aim of bolstering private financing for modern infrastructure facilities. The agreement is part of IFC's broader strategy to boost sustainable economic growth and climate resilience in Mongolia.

Almost half of Mongolia's population lives in Ulaanbaatar, with a rapid increase in the number of households living in the ger areas, or settlements of low- and middle-income households. The number of registered vehicles also reached 652,000 this year in a city with 1.4 million people. Subsequently, the city faces a range of urban challenges, including air and soil pollution, urban sprawl, centralization, and traffic congestion.

Under the MoU, IFC will provide advisory support to the Municipality of Ulaanbaatar with the objective of identifying new ways to implement sustainable development in key areas such as green transport, waste treatment and sanitation, street lighting, district heating, and green housing. The two parties will also work with other stakeholders to support structural reforms that will accelerate private sector participation in sustainable urban infrastructure and services.

"The partnership with IFC will help Ulaanbaatar access the expertise and financing needed to modernize our infrastructure and deliver better urban services. We will continue to focus on forging innovative partnerships to make our city greener, smart and more competitive," said Sumiyabazar Dolgorsuren, Governor of the Capital City and Mayor of Ulaanbaatar.

At the Climate Ambition Summit last December, Mongolia committed to a higher Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target of 27.2 percent reduction in greenhouse gasses by 2030. According to an IFC study, $11.5 billion in climate investments will be required to achieve this new target.

"Through developing sustainable and smart urban infrastructure, the Municipality of Ulaanbaatar will be able to improve energy efficiency of its services and reduce green-house emissions, thereby helping Mongolia reach its Nationally Determined Contribution targets," said Alfonso Garcia Mora, IFC's Regional Vice President for Asia and Pacific. " IFC's Cities initiative is uniquely positioned to support Ulaanbaatar in its endeavors to diversify and enhance its funding sources in order to successfully implement its climate resilience agenda."

Since 2004, IFC has invested and mobilized over $9 billion in more than 280 projects in the Cities infrastructure space. This is IFC's first project in East Asia and the Pacific region under its Cities initiative.

About IFC

IFC—a member of the World Bank Group—is the largest global development institution focused on the private sector in emerging markets. We work in more than 100 countries, using our capital, expertise, and influence to create markets and opportunities in developing countries. In fiscal year 2021, IFC committed a record $31.5 billion to private companies and financial institutions in developing countries, leveraging the power of the private sector to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity as economies grapple with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. For more information, visit www.ifc.org or www.ifc.org/infrastructure or www.ifc.org/cities

The annual U.N. General Assembly is a grand stage for foreign policy announcements, along with the opportunity for world leaders to meet up on the sidelines. This opportunity has been especially meaningful for Mongolian President Khurelsukh Ukhnaa, as he was only elected in June. Khurelsukh has embraced this opportunity for an in-person visit and has been making the rounds in New York to meet counterparts and U.N. officials.

His September 22 speech to the General Assembly reviewed Mongolia’s relationship with the United Nations. However, he did not mention Mongolia’s candidacy for a nonpermanent seat on the Security Council in next year’s election, suggesting that Mongolia is not actively pursuing election and instead ceding the seat to Japan.

Khurelsukh’s speech was much more ambitious than President Battulga Khaltmaa’s speech last year in explicating the country’s views on major global issues, including development, ecosystem degradation, climate change, and nuclear weapons. Khurelsukh’s speech did also emphasize Mongolia’s support for the work of the United Nations in various areas, including its contributions to U.N. Peacekeeping Operations. Significantly, however, the speech does not make an explicit reference to Security Council candidacy, which leads us to speculate that Mongolia is planning to withdraw ahead of the election or to not pursue election actively.

Due to the influence and privilege associated with the position, the five permanent members of the Security Council attract the most attention. Still, the Security Council includes 10 nonpermanent (ore elected) seats, and the competition for the opportunity to a two-year term in the Council is intense among U.N. member states. In the appointment of representatives to the nonpermanent seats, the U.N. Charter instructs member states to pay special attention to contributing “to the maintenance of international peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization…” (Article 23, 1). Winning a nonpermanent seat on the Security Council requires two-thirds of the votes from the present member states.

In the context of intensifying competition for nonpermanent seats, there is a trend of earlier announcements of a candidacy, as long as a decade ahead of the election. Several years ahead of the election, states campaign actively by promoting their past U.N. contributions and current priorities to gather electoral support. Small states face disadvantages in this enterprise, such as a more limited campaign budget, a smaller diplomatic corps, and fewer national representations and permanent missions. Still, being a first-time candidate and/or a small state may also be beneficial in the context of an opinion that all states should get the opportunity to serve in the Security Council. Currently, one-third of the U.N. member states have not yet served.

In his address to the General Assembly, Khurelsukh enumerated the interactions that Mongolia has had with the U.N., from accession in 1961 to the announcement of Mongolia’s nuclear-weapons-free status in 2000, the beginning of participation in peacekeeping activities in 2002, and the establishment of the International Think Tank for Landlocked Developing Countries in 2009. Mongolia’s participation in peacekeeping activities has grown steadily and Mongolia will host an international conference on the participation of female peacekeepers in U.N. operations in 2022.

This history and Khurelsukh’s emphasis on deepening ties would have been the perfect set-up to reaffirm the 2014 announcement by President Elbegdorj Tsakhia that Mongolia would be seeking election to the Security Council in 2022 and enter into an active campaign phase. But alas, Khurelsukh made no such announcement.

Given the proximity of the Security Council election, the lack of mention of Mongolia’s candidacy amounts to a withdrawal from the election and a ceding of the Security Council seat reserved for Asian states to Japan, which had only declared its candidacy at the 74th General Assembly in 2019.

Why has Mongolia stepped back from its candidacy?

The most obvious factors are the close ties between Mongolia and Japan and Japan’s long pursuit of permanent membership in the Security Council. While the movement to reform the Security Council seems to have stalled in recent years, this remains a priority for Japan and it is perhaps not surprising that Japan would not be eager to engage in a competitive election campaign over the nonpermanent seat.

Japan is an important economic ally to Mongolia, of course, with significant investments, an Economic Partnership Agreement in place, and important cultural links. In Mongolia’s quest to cultivate “third neighbors” (beyond China and Russia), Japan has been an important supporter of Mongolia’s role as a democracy amid an authoritarian sea.

But there are also domestic factors at play. Khurelsukh appears keen to erase the foreign policy legacy of his activist predecessor Elbegdorj. This may well have played a role in Mongolia’s complete silence on developments in Afghanistan despite a history or previous engagement. While Khurelsukh is embracing the international stage with his visit to the U.N. in a way that Battulga never did, the prospect of annoying Japan might have persuaded him to not give in to the allure of some international prominence.

As president, Khurelsukh is facing the prospect of a difficult position where the United States and China are increasingly trying to construct blocs to face off against each other. Given Mongolia’s near-total economic dependency on China, a China-U.S. conflict puts the country in a very awkward position given its clear preference for democracy. Japan is an important ally in that context and will be pleased to be assured of a Security Council seat in next year’s election.

The rural three-story hospital has run out of beds. A thin young woman sits in a narrow bunk, borrowed from a nearby dormitory. A masked, hooded nurse carefully examines her, using a handheld radio to communicate with a doctor across the crowded facility.

The patient, Ganzul Tsogtgerel, is a 20-year-old business student at the University of the Humanities in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia’s capital. Although fully vaccinated and diligent about wearing a mask, she caught a COVID-19 “breakthrough infection” while summering with her parents in Arkhangai province.

“It was already 16 days past my second dose,” she says in disbelief. “Suddenly one day, I had a headache, coughed and lost my sense of taste and smell.”

Ganzul’s shock and disappointment mirror the national mood.

Based on its healthy population, border controls and stockpile of free vaccines – Oxford-AstraZeneca from the United Kingdom, Pfizer-BioNTech from the United States, Sinopharm from China, and Sputnik V from Russia – Mongolia’s officials confidently promised a “COVID-free summer” in early April.

But the virus had other plans.

As temperatures rose, so did Mongolia’s COVID-19 numbers, fueled by a convergence of political events, holiday travel and breakthrough cases – particularly among those who had received AstraZeneca or Sinopharm shots, which the World Health Organization reports are only 63% and 79% effective, respectively, against symptomatic infection.

To top it off, the government’s ambitions of achieving herd immunity stalled as a growing anti-vaccination movement seized on each setback.

“People who got vaccinated have also been infected with the coronavirus anyway,” says Baigal Nyamjav, 37, an accountant in Ulaanbaatar who has rejected the jabs for his family. “Maybe in five or eight years we’ll have a well-tested and improved vaccine.”

Mongolia’s COVID-free summer had seemed well within reach in May, when it was vaccinating people faster than any other country, according to the Global Disaster Preparedness Center, a joint initiative of the American Red Cross and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. With more than one-third of the population at least partly vaccinated, the government announced 50,000 Mongolian togrog ($18) cash incentives for second-dose recipients and eased lockdown measures on May 8.

“People started organizing trips and picnics, as well as meetings among friends and families a lot as soon as the lockdown was lifted,” says Myagmarsuren Erbat, a resident doctor. “Many factors also made impact on the increasing COVID-19 prevalence and outbreak, in terms of multiple state medal and award handover ceremonies, and subsequent home celebrations by the recipients.”

On May 24, the start of the presidential campaign period, Mongolia recorded 539 new cases; on June 10, the day after the election, the number reached 1,312.

Campaign regulations had required venues to be disinfected and all participants remain masked and at least 1.5 meters (5 feet) apart, but witnesses say the rules were not strictly enforced – and there were no limits on attendance.

“A distance between people was only one chair, which is 40 centimeters [16 inches] at most,” says Bilguun Jamsran, describing an event in western Mongolia’s Uvs province with several hundred voters.

Concerned, authorities canceled celebrations for the National Naadam Festival but not the public holiday itself; cases continued to spike as families gathered for the July 10-19 observance, which honors Mongolia’s nomadic spirit.

As the virus quickly, quietly spread, so did the Vaccine Opposition Association, founded by seven women earlier this year. On Facebook, they share stories about vaccine side effects and breakthrough infections, encourage homeopathic treatments such as burning thyme and horse manure, and organize protests.

“Just four hours after we went on hunger strike, the police dispersed us,” says one of the group’s founders, Otgontsetseg Sanjaa, 48, of Ulaanbaatar, who demonstrated outside Government House on May 26 and has helped collect more than 3,000 signatures demanding a pause in vaccinations.

Other anti-vaxxers follow the Ministry of Health’s pandemic advice regarding masking, sanitizing and social distancing – but draw the line at shots, which they fear are too new to be safe. In response, Dashpagma Otgonbayar, director of the Vaccination Department of the National Center for Communicable Diseases, explains that the World Health Organization approved all four formulas, and that vaccinated patients experience milder cases than their unvaccinated peers.

Where government directives and incentives have failed, seeing the impact of severe infections – and hearing about the more contagious delta variant – has convinced some hesitant Mongolians to change their minds.

“I’m sorry I didn’t get vaccinated; if vaccinated, COVID would be milder,” says Enkhjargal Batbayar, 39, a nomadic herder from Arkhangai who spent 13 days hospitalized in March. “While I was being treated, my husband and two children were vaccinated.”

L. Enkhsaikhan, head of the health ministry’s Public Health Policy and Implementation Coordination Department, confirms that Mongolians “are actively getting vaccinated” and adds that AstraZeneca booster shots are being given to eligible medical workers and law enforcement.

Even from her hospital room, where she ended up despite her best efforts, Ganzul has urged people to get vaccinated as soon as possible, with any option available.

“Vaccines are the brainchild of many intelligent people around the world,” she says. “They have overcome plagues.”

By the last day of August, Mongolia had recorded 213,820 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 931 deaths. The percentages were relatively small – less than 6% of its population infected, and of those, less than 1% died – but large enough to ruin the country’s plans for a COVID-free summer, or even autumn and winter.

Perhaps if everyone gets vaccinated, Ganzul says, Mongolia’s COVID-free summer can happen in 2022.

BY: Myagmarsuren Battur is a Global Press Journal reporter based in Mongolia.

Sept. 28 (Xinhua) -- Mongolia's health sector is now in a difficult situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic with its workload having "reached its peak," Health Minister Sereejav Enkhbold said Monday.

Even if additional beds are prepared at hospitals, there is now no medical staff to work there, he told a press conference, urging the public to follow all relevant health guidelines to protect themselves and their loved ones.

Although over 65 percent of the country's population of around 3.4 million have been fully vaccinated, the resurgence of COVID-19 has continued due to the Delta wave, and more than 2,000 infections and nearly 20 deaths have been reported daily in the country.

The Asian country has so far confirmed a total of 298,519 COVID-19 cases, with 1,169 related deaths.

Sept. 28 (Xinhua) -- Mongolia registered 2,153 COVID-19 cases in the last 24 hours, bringing its national tally to 298,519, the health ministry said Tuesday.

Meanwhile, the countrywide death toll rose by 17 to 1,169 in the past 24 hours.

A total of 62,415 infected patients are receiving home-based care due to limited hospital beds and medical staff, the ministry said.

"Our country's health sector is now in a difficult situation due to the pandemic. The workload of this sector has reached its peak," Health Minister Sereejav Enkhbold said.

So far, 65 percent of Mongolia's population have been fully vaccinated since the Asian country launched a nationwide COVID-19 vaccination campaign in late February.

However, the resurgence of COVID-19 has continued due to the Delta variant, and more than 2,000 infections and nearly 20 deaths have been reported daily in the country.

Indoor service facilities such as restaurants, karaoke and bars are not allowed to work after 10 p.m from Oct. 1 to Nov. 1 as part of the efforts to curb the spread of COVID-19, the country's State Emergency Commission has said.

During the period, any indoor gatherings of more than 20 people are not allowed, the commission said.

According to World Bank, Mongolia’s economic growth is projected to expand by 4.5 percent this year, nearly 2 percentage points less than previous forecast. As for 2022, it is expected to be 5.2 percent.

"The global economy is recovering. High demand for commodity will increase net export earnings, and vaccination will have positive effect” said Andrei Mikhnev, the World Bank's Country Manager for Mongolia, East Asia & Pacific.

Jean-Pascal Nganou, the World Bank's Senior Economist for Mongolia, said, “Although 60-70 percent of the population has been vaccinated against coronavirus, Mongolia is still facing certain challenges. Currently, the third wave of the pandemic has erupted. Health sector preparedness is vital. With government support, the negative impacts of the pandemic have been mitigated, but the economy is slowing, as in other countries. During the pandemic, countries such as Mongolia and Vietnam are leading the region in government support. The slowdown in economic growth is mainly due to trade, border and customs issues."

He also stressed that household income among the vulnerable group will decrease in the future.

“The government's support for households through social welfare programs has created significant costs. It is working effectively amid the pandemic, but it will have a negative impact on fiscal stability. The budget deficit is likely to increase and the debt burden will be created by quasi-fiscal activities. Inflation has risen in the first half of this year. The Bank of Mongolia is under pressure due to the balance of payments. In order to effectively fight inflation, quasi-fiscal activities need to be stopped as part of monetary policy. In addition, the weakening of monetary policy criteria for the stability of the financial sector risks increasing the burden of the pandemic. Non-performing loans will increase with the introduction of pandemic regulations.” he added.

“Therefore, it is possible to overcome the pandemic by continuing to administrate vaccination, strengthening the health care system, and improving the transportation and logistics system. It is also necessary to gradually ease the measures taken to combat the epidemic and reduce the pressure on the budget. Budget projects and programs need to be cut and transferred. In addition, the requirements and criteria for financial supervision should be set back at the appropriate level. In the medium term, it is recommended reduce over-reliance on natural resources and implement structural reforms.”

A total of 288,000 citizens were vaccinated with the third dose nationwide, reports Minister of Health S.Enkhbold on September 27.

Vaccination started in August to immunize people who suffer from chronic disease, or aged over 60 with the third dose. Then, the citizens aged over 18 was offered a third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine and 13,000 people are receiving vaccine shots per day. As the third dose is being offered based on the survey conducted by the foreign and domestic scientists and researchers, citizens are urged to actively get vaccinated.

“The number of people diagnosed with the delta variant of the virus in Israel surged despite administrating second jabs of the COVID-19 vaccines to its citizens. However, the number of cases decreased after accelerating vaccination of the third dose in August”, highlighted the Minister.

Mongolians experienced fuel shortages last week after Rosneft began repairing its Angarsk refinery. Due to the shortage, gas stations in Mongolia have been limiting supply to the public.

China and Russia are exporting gasoline to Mongolia on an emergency basis to assist the country to cope an energy supply shortage. An oil train departing from China arrived at Mongolia through the China-Mongolia border on Monday, carrying 2,750 tons of AI-92 gasoline. It is also reported that an oil train from Russia has arrived in Altanbulag, Mongolia, carrying 1,212 tons of AI-92 gasoline. Mongolia is planning to import 51 thousand fuel from Russia and China in October.

With the arrival of the oil tankers Mongolia said it will resume the normal supply of gasoline in the country from yesterday.

Mongolia consumes 38,000 to 40,000 tons of AI-92 gasoline each month, with the landlocked nation entirely dependent on outside supply, of which more than 90 percent is sourced from Russia.