Events
Name | organizer | Where |
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MBCC “Doing Business with Mongolia seminar and Christmas Receptiom” Dec 10. 2024 London UK | MBCCI | London UK Goodman LLC |
NEWS

Mongolia in the middle of the Russia–Ukraine war www.eastasiaforum.org
At the onset of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, it was widely expected that the war would have a profoundly negative impact on the Mongolian economy. Mongolia is Russia’s direct southern neighbour and its economy significantly depends on the import of strategically important goods from Russia.
Mongolia imports around 28 per cent of its goods from Russia and is fully dependent on Russian petroleum products. The country’s vulnerability to this dependence has been exposed several times in the past. In 2008, Russian oil and petroleum company Rosneft proposed to build 100 gas stations in Mongolia. Though the Parliament of Mongolia did not approve the plan at first, Ulaanbaatar later recognised the significance of the Russian company as the country’s primary fuel supplier and subsequently signed contracts that were favourable to Rosneft.
The economic, geographical and historical ties between Mongolia and Russia have made it difficult for Mongolia to resolve its dependency on Moscow. As Mongolian political leaders and diplomats have a strong desire to preserve their relationships with Russia, Mongolia has chosen to remain politically neutral about the war in Ukraine by repeatedly refusing to support resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly that condemn Russian acts of aggression.
Unlike Mongolia, former Soviet Union countries such as Kyrgyzstan, Georgia and Armenia rely on Russia for trade, investment, tourism and remittance. International sanctions on Russia have led to a rise in Russian capital flows, foreign trade and tourism to these countries, deepening their dependence on Russia.
The war’s risk to the Mongolian economy is limited to its dependency on imported petroleum products. But heavy international sanctions on Russia have made it difficult for Mongolia to maintain its petroleum imports. To reduce the cost of importing petroleum products and to stabilise its supply, diesel fuel has been exempted from Mongolia’s excise tax until July 2023. After prolonged discussions with Russian suppliers, Mongolian authorities have secured a steady supply of major petroleum products until 2027.
The war is also affecting Mongolia’s economy through other channels, particularly through global inflation. Transportation costs have increased and the supply of major consumer products such as wheat and oil have been disrupted. The International Monetary Fund anticipates that rising global prices will continue to hurt the Mongolian economy.
Transportation costs have increased due to significant COVID-19-related expansionary fiscal and monetary policies as well as China’s zero-COVID policy, which has contributed to a soaring 16.1 per cent inflation in June 2022, the highest level since 2014. Of this, rising import prices — especially of food and petroleum products — accounted for 9.2 per cent.
Rising fuel and food prices have increased import costs, putting additional pressure on Mongolia’s balance of payments. The value of petroleum imports grew by 52 per cent in 2022, while the volume rose by only 3.9 per cent. This adversely impacted Mongolia’s foreign exchange reserves — between February and December 2022, foreign exchange reserves decreased by 7.7 per cent and the Mongolian togrog depreciated by 20.1 per cent. In response to rising inflation, the Bank of Mongolia tightened its monetary policy throughout 2022 and increased the policy rate to 13 per cent, while fiscal policy remains expansionary.
The war is affecting not only the national economy but also individual households. Surging inflation has put more pressure on low-income and welfare-dependent households. In July 2022, the lowest income group faced 18.2 per cent inflation while the highest income group faced only 12.9 per cent (UNDP, forthcoming).
The groups that have suffered the most from price increases are single parents with three or more children and households that have members with disabilities or who need special care. Inflation pressure on female-headed households is 1–2 per cent higher than on male-headed households (UNDP, forthcoming).
As inflation intensifies, pensions, welfare incomes and wages remain unchanged. Households are increasingly using their savings and taking out new loans, which leads to a further deterioration in household livelihood. This impact is especially pronounced for vulnerable groups. For herders and farmers, rising fuel prices have notably increased their cost of business and supply. As a result, rural households are also reducing purchases of essential products, selling more livestock and taking out loans.
The Russia–Ukraine war and the ongoing impact of COVID-19 are also causing significant hardship to small- and medium-sized enterprises that face supply disruptions, human resource shortages and declining demand.
As transportation through Russia is significantly delayed and import and transit from China has slowed, businesses in the manufacturing and trade sectors face significant complications. The rapidly rising prices of raw materials is hurting enterprise operations across the board. This is especially true for businesses in remote areas that greatly depend on transportation.
With the global economic fallout from Russia’s protracted invasion of Ukraine showing no sign of ceasing, Mongolian families, farmers and businesses will continue to feel the squeeze.
BY:
Oyuntugs Davaakhuu is a researcher at the Economic Research Institute, Mongolia.
Tuvshintugs Batdelger is Director at the Economic Research Institute, Mongolia and Associate Professor at the National University of Mongolia.

Export Increases by 8.2 Percent www.montsame.mn
According to the National Statistics Office of Mongolia, in the first two months of 2023, Mongolia traded with 118 countries from all over the world, and the total trade turnover reached USD 3.4 billion, of which USD 2.2 billion were exports and USD 1.2 billion were imports.
The total foreign trade turnover increased by USD 1.5 billion (55.2 percent), where imports increased by USD 160.5 million (15.5 percent) and exports increased by USD 1.1 billion (90.1 percent) compared to the same period of the previous year.
In February 2023, exports increased by USD 88.1 million (8.2 percent) and imports decreased by USD 177.8 million (25.8 percent) compared to the previous month.
The foreign trade balance was in surplus of USD 1 billion, an increase of 7.3 times compared to the same period of the previous year. In February 2023, the trade balance surplus increased by USD 265.9 million from previous month. Trade with China reached USD 2.5 billion in the first two months, which is standing for 71.4 percent of the total trade turnover.
Copper concentrates and bituminous coal accounted for 18.3 percent and 61.1 percent of total exports to China, respectively, gold accounted for 99.9 percent of total export to Switzerland.
Exports increased by USD 1.1 billion in the first two months of 2023, mainly due to the increase of exports of coal by USD 955 million, zinc ore and concentrate by USD 4.2 million, iron ore concentrate by USD 39.5 million and fluorspar ore and concentrate by USD 22.4 million.
During the same period, 35.5 percent of the total imports from China, 28.1 percent from Russia, 8.7 percent from Japan, 4.3 percent from South Korea, 3.4 percent from the USA, and 2.3 percent from Germany, collectively constitute 82.4 percent of the total import.
Exports of mineral products, natural or cultured stones, and precious metals accounted for 93.4 percent of the total export. However, 77 percent of the total imports were mineral products, machinery, equipment and electric appliances, base metals and articles thereof, transport vehicles and spare parts, and food products.

Chairman says Gazprom close to maximum gas supply to China www.asahi.com
BO’AO, China--Russia’s Gazprom is increasing gas supplies to China and expects soon to reach the maximum planned level through a Siberian pipeline, its chairman said Wednesday, highlighting Beijing’s importance as his country’s top export market in the face of Western sanctions over its invasion of Ukraine.
Gazprom is negotiating with China over a possible additional supply project across neighboring Mongolia, Viktor Zubkov said at a government-organized economic forum. He said the company is open to serving other Asian markets.
Chinese leader Xi Jinping’s government sees Moscow as a diplomatic partner in opposing U.S. domination of global affairs and has refused to criticize its invasion of Ukraine. Beijing has called for a cease-fire and negotiations but not a Russian withdrawal.
China’s imports from Russia, mostly oil and gas, surged 31.3% over a year ago in January and February to $18.6 billion. That helps President Vladimir Putin offset lost revenue after the United States, Europe and Japan blocked or limited imports.
“Russia is increasing its gas supply to China,” Zubkov said at the Boao Forum for Asia. “The gas supply through the Power of Siberia pipeline will soon reach the contracted annual volume of 38 billion cubic meters,” or 1.3 trillion cubic feet.
Gazprom is negotiating with state-owned China National Petroleum Corp. on a gas supply project through Mongolia that is designed to carry 50 billion cubic meters (1.8 trillion cubic feet), according to Zubkov.
“Russia is open to cooperation with other Asian countries in clean energy supplies,” Zubkov said.
Also at the forum, the deputy chairman of the Chinese Cabinet’s planning agency said Beijing will balance its plans to reduce carbon emissions with its need for energy security. China is the biggest emitter of climate-changing industrial gases.
The ruling Communist Party stepped up mining of coal and construction of coal-fired generating stations after power shortages in late 2021 caused blackouts and forced factories in some areas to shut down temporarily. Xi said in 2020 that carbon emissions would peak by 2030 but announced no target level.
“We will actively and prudently promote carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,” said Zhao Chenxin of the National Development and Reform Commission. “However, we must balance its relations with energy security and development.”

Implications of Dalai Lama Identifying New Head of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia www.thediplomat.com
The 14th Dalai Lama, the highest spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism whom China sees as a “dangerous separatist,” appears to have outsmarted the communist-ruled country by quietly announcing the new head of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia, a position for which China wanted Mongolia to seek its consent.
The announcement happened on March 8 during an event in India, and the media picked up the news on March 23. However, as of March 28, there has been no response from China, which in 2017 had warned Mongolia against allowing the Dalai Lama to meddle in the identification of the heir to the highest position in Mongolia’s Buddhist hierarchy. There has been no official response from Mongolia either.
“We have the reincarnation of Khalkha Jetsun Dhampa Rinpoché of Mongolia with us today,” the Dalai Lama said, indicating a small boy sitting next to him, while addressing a gathering of about 5,000 monks and nuns and 600 Mongolians on March 8.
The place was Dharamshala, a north Indian Himalayan town where the Dalai Lama has been based since 1960, a year after fleeing China and entering India in exile. The Tibetan Parliament in Exile and the Central Tibetan Administration operate out of Dharamshala.
Tibetan Buddhists make up the largest chunk of the population in Mongolia. However, identifying the 10th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu (also spelled as Khalkha Jetsun Dhampa Rinpoché) importance beyond Mongolia, and even beyond China-Mongolia relations. The Jebtsundamba is also considered the third-highest spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism globally — only after the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama. Because of this, he can play a crucial role in the Dharamshala-backed institutional search for the next Dalai Lama – itself a major bone of contention between the Dalai Lama and China.
The search for the 10th reincarnation of the Jebtsundamba began after the ninth reincarnation died in 2012. However, after the Dalai Lama, during a 2016 visit to Mongolia, revealed that the 10th reincarnation of the Jebtsundamba had been identified, China asked Mongolia not to allow him to visit the country again.
“Considering the significance of his reincarnation and bearing in mind that he (the late ninth incarnation) is a personal friend, I feel I have a responsibility to look after his reincarnation,” the Dalai Lama had said. He added, “I am convinced that his reincarnation has been born in Mongolia. However, the boy is very young right now, so there is no need for haste in making an announcement. When he is 3, 4, or 5 years old, we’ll see how things are.”
Now that the Dalai Lama has introduced the 10th Jebtsundamba before the public, and also “met briefly with a significant contingent of Mongolians” after the event, a rebuke from China could be in the offing. China does not want the Dalai Lama to have anything to do with identifying the reincarnations of Tibetan Buddhist Lamas, including the Dalai Lama. They claim there is a long-existing system for identifying such reincarnations and those must be adhered to.
In 1995, when the 14th Dalai Lama named a Tibetan boy as the 11th Panchen Lama, the child was allegedly abducted by the Chinese authorities soon after and has not been seen or heard from since. China also announced its own choice of the Panchen Lama. The Dalai Lama has not recognized the Chinese choice.
China had, in 2007, legalized the need for governmental approval before announcing any reincarnation of Buddhist Lamas. Even though Mongolia is not Chinese territory, China always wanted to have a say on matters involving Tibetan Buddhism. In a Global Times article from 2021, titled “Qing government’s administration over Tibet, authority over reincarnation of living Buddhas indisputable,” Zhang Yun, director of the Institute for Historical Studies at the China Tibetology Research Center, cited a 1793 ordinance of the Qing empire in support of the practice that China wants to uphold.
“Emperor Qianlong… issued a golden urn to the Jokhang Monastery, ordering that at the death of any Dalai Lama, Panchen Lama, Jetsun Dampa Hutuktu and other Hutuktus and lamas in Tibet and Mongolia, the names and birthdays of the Khuvilgaan candidates would be announced, and put into the golden urn. With the lamas chanting and the Resident Ministers in Tibet supervising, a name shall be drawn from the urn and that would be the name of the Khuvilgaan,” he wrote.
This is how the 11th Panchen Lama was selected, China claims. This is how they want to pick the next Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama and the Tibetan Parliament in Exile have ruled this out.
In 2010, the Dalai Lama said in an interview, “If the present situation regarding Tibet remains the same, I will be born outside Tibet away from the control of the Chinese authorities. This is logical. The very purpose of a reincarnation is to continue the unfinished work of the previous incarnation. Thus if the Tibetan situation still remains unsolved it is logical I will be born in exile to continue my unfinished work.”
The Central Tibetan Administration has since then repeatedly maintained that the Dalai Lama alone is responsible for his reincarnation.
However, in case the 87-year-old dies without naming his successor, the role or opinion of the Jebtsundamba can emerge crucial, as a large number of Tibetan Buddhists do not acknowledge the China-recognized Panchen Lama.
Therefore, having the 10th Jebtsundamba chosen by the Dalai Lama gives the Tibetan government in exile an edge over Chinese authorities on affairs relating to Tibetan Buddhism.
“Since the death of his ninth reincarnation in 2012, Mongolia has walked a geopolitical tightrope with China on one side and Dharamsala on the other. When and how the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu reincarnates will give one side much more power over the future of Tibetan Buddhism, with significant geopolitical consequences,” wrote Munkhnaran Bayarlkhagva, an Ulaanbaatar-based geopolitical analyst who has served at the National Security Council of Mongolia, in a 2022 article.
Earlier this month, an article in The Diplomat pointed out that Mongolia’s pursuit of its next spiritual leader had become “a high-stakes game of power and influence behind the scenes, with China’s growing sway casting a shadow over the nation’s religious affairs.” China was “seemingly nudging Mongolia to seek its approval before acknowledging a new leader.”
Whether or how Mongolia recognizes the reincarnation remains to be seen, as they would have to do it at the cost of irking their superpower neighbor. In 2016, after the Dalai Lama’s visit, China blocked a crucial border entry point and imposed new fees on commodity exports from Mongolia, prompting the landlocked country to announce that they would not host the Dalai Lama again. China hoped Mongolia had learned a lesson.
Besides, the 10th Jebtsundamba will still have to be formally enthroned by the Mongolian clergy. In 2016, Mongolian foreign minister at the time, Munkh-Orgil Tsend, had said that he hoped the Mongolian clergy would deal with the reincarnation “without the influence or involvement of any outsiders.” Now that the Dalai Lama has already introduced him, when and how the Mongolian clergy responds will play a key role in determining the future course of Tibetan Buddhism that guides the spiritual lives of millions of people in Asia.
CONTRIBUTING AUTHOR
Snigdhendu Bhattacharya
Snigdhendu Bhattacharya, the author of two non-fiction books on India’s ultra-Left and the Hindu right, writes and comments on India’s politics, environment, human rights and culture.

Mongolia’s Economy Is Forecast to Grow 7% If China Hits Its Annual GDP Target www.yicaiglobal.com
Mongolia's economy can grow 7 percent this year on the condition that China achieves its target for a 5 percent expansion in gross domestic product, according to Mongolia's vice prime minister.
China's rapid economic growth is very beneficial for Mongolia as it promotes the country’s exports, which are crucial for the economy, Chimed Khürelbaatar, who is also economy and development minister, told Yicai Global yesterday on the sidelines of the annual Boao Forum for Asia that began the same day.
China is Mongolia's biggest trading partner. Mongolia’s trade with its neighbor jumped to a record USD13.6 billion in the 12 months ended Dec. 31 from the year before, data from its National Statistics Office showed, making up 64 percent of its total foreign trade last year.
The fast recovery of China's economy leads the country to buy more of Mongolia's products and increase investment, Khürelbaatar said, adding that Mongolia will keep exporting coal products to China.
In the decade since China first proposed the Belt and Road initiative -- a huge infrastructure project spanning the world -- Mongolia’s international trade more than doubled to USD21.2 billion in 2022, Khürelbaatar pointed out. The BRI is a path toward common prosperity and greatly helps Mongolia, the vice prime minister said.
Thanks to the BRI, Mongolia's trading relations have progressed significantly and now include over 100 nations, Khürelbaatar said, noting that Mongolia's economy has constantly developed, with a big increase in its per capita GDP. And Mongolia has constructed about 500 kilometers of rail links to connect its provincial capitals, and has also extended its highways network, he noted.
The Boao Forum for Asia is being held in China’s Hainan province through March 31. This year's annual conference is the first in-person since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Editors: Xu Wei, Martin Kadiev

Companies Spend the Raised Capital on Expanding Their Operations www.montsame.mn
Companies that have issued shares and bonds must report to the Mongolian Stock Exchange (MSE) the spending of their capital, raised through selling their shares, on an annual and semi-annual basis. In the event that the spending is not on the intended or planned purpose, they are held accountable in accordance with relevant regulations.
D. Nyamdorj, a Capital Market Analyst, presented how the companies, that participate in the capital market and have issued their shares and bonds, are spending their raised capital. According to him, the spending can vary, depending on the nature of their products, services, and operations.
For instance, the MSE is spending MNT 11.9 billion, which was raised during its IPO in January 2023, mainly on its technological improvements, digitalization of the operations, and training and service center updates.
“Invescore” Non-Banking Financial Institution (NBFI) is planning to spend the capital of MNT 50 billion, which will be raised through the issuance of its bond, on financing its loan portfolio.
While “Sendly NBFI” JSC has issued 85,000 units of debt instruments worth MNT 8.5 billion, each with a par value of 100,000 and an annual coupon rate of 19.2%. According to their bond prospectus, they are planning to spend the capital as a financial resource for their main business activity.
The net profits of the banks listed in the MSE have increased by 87-355 percent.
The State bank issued an IPO in Q4 2022 and became the first systematically influential bank that went public. According to “Mandal Asset Management,” their net profit has reached MNT 96 billion, up 87% over the previous year, which shows a record-high rate in recent years’ performance of this bank. Their ROI (return on investment) is 22%.
The “Golomt Capital” informed that the net profit of the Golomt bank had reached MNT 100 billion as of the end of Q4 2022, an increase of 355% compared to the same period last year, which was the record high growth for this bank as well. While their equity has reached MNT 844 billion, a growth of 42%. Their ROI is 14%.
As stated in the report by ‘BDSec’ JSC, Bogd Bank’s equity and the number of loans issued by the bank have reached MNT 116.7 billion and MNT 208.1 billion, up 15% and 42 % over last year, respectively. In 2022, the abovementioned three banks were listed in the MSE Top 20 Index by their number of securities traded. Since the IPOs, their per-share prices have slightly decreased.
“Increase in net profits allow businesses to disburse dividends for their shareholders. On the other hand, the dividend disbursement is, indeed, a kind of capital spending.” B. Ulziibayar, Chair of the Board of Directors, Mongolian Association of Securities Dealers said.
In recent years, share prices of enterprises of the food sector have been increasing. For example, share prices of “Talkh Chikher” JSC, “Monos” JSC, “Tumen Shuvuut” JSC, “APU” JSC, and “SUU” JSC have shown average annual increases of 30 percent.
Also, the sales and net profit of the "Gazar Shim" LLC, which issued an IPO, have shown relatively high growth in the last 5 years. “Gazar Shim" LLC has publicly offered 16.54 percent of its total shares, or 198 million shares valued at MNT 53 each. They intend to raise a total of MNT 10.5 billion from the market with the purpose of increasing their market share, entering a new market, and increasing the volume of their exports.

Human Rights and Freedom Report Submitted www.montsame.mn
On March 29, the 22nd Report on Human Rights and Freedom in Mongolia was submitted to Chairman of the State Great Khural G.Zandanshatar by Chairman of the National Human Rights Commission J.Khunan and other members of the Commission.
The 22nd Report developed 43 proposals within the following seven topics:
Issues related to arrest and detention within the framework of the right to immunity and freedom,
Implementation of the freedom of speech, association, demonstration, and peaceful assembly within the framework of the legal regulation of civil participation,
Implementation of the right to work of special government and public service employees within the framework of some issues of the right to work,
Within the framework of some issues of children's rights, issues related to the protection of children's rights and implementation of the right to live and develop in a healthy and safe environment in boarding schools, and protection of the rights and legal interests of children involved in crimes, witnesses and victims of crimes by the Juridical Committee of Children's Rights,
Within the framework of the implementation of the rights of the elderly, implementation of the right to social security, employment, health protection, freedom from violence and discrimination, and the right to development,
Within the framework of the implementation of the Law on the Legal Status of Human Rights Defenders, proposals for measures aimed at improving the rights of human rights defenders based on studies on international legal norms and principles in comparison with the national legal regulations,
Within the framework of the implementation of the Law on Ensuring Gender Equality, determination of gender discrimination and women's participation in the political sphere, and the proportion, position, and situation of women in public political positions, and proposals for further measures to undertake.
Chairman of the Commission J.Khunan emphasized that this report is unique for it includes the implementation of the recommendations and requests made by the members of the parliament to prevent and halt human rights violations in the past two years since the appointment of new members of the National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia.

Public libraries in Ulaanbaatar to be open 24 hours a day www.gogo.mn
L.Enkh-Amgalan, the Minister of Education and Science, informed that public libraries in Ulaanbaatar will be open 24 hours a day.
He said “Last week, the Prime Minister held a meeting with student representatives, and one of the problems they were facing was the accessibility and opening hours of the library. In this framework, it will be possible for the libraries to work with extended hours step by step”.
Students use the library, because they read and study in a quiet environment, and rent books and textbooks. But it is closed early.

B.Choijilsuren: Russia filed a complaint to UNESCO regarding Eg River Hydro Power Plant www.gogo.mn
B.Choijilsuren, the Minister of Energy, gave the following information during the presentation of the decisions made at the regular meeting of the cabinet.
Russia has filed a complaint to UNESCO regarding Eg River Hydro Power Plant. According to this, we hired an external company to conduct an environmental impact assessment, and the assessment has been made. The assessment will be delivered to UNESCO, and it has been delivered to Russia. After this issue is resolved, we will begin the intensification of the work on Eg River Hydro Power Plan.
As for the Tavan Tolgoi Hydro Power Plant, a draft resolution was submitted at last week's Cabinet meeting to create a legal environment for bidding. The Ministers made several proposals. Therefore, it was necessary to postpone it for one more week and ministers to consolidate their proposals. Therefore, it will be resolved at the Cabinet meeting on April 4 and 5, and then the bidding will be announced.

1.1 million children of 993 thousand households receive children allowance www.gogo.mn
As of today, 1.1 million children from 993,725 households are receiving children allowance.
The Ministry of Social Welfare and Labour has digitized 110 services out of 160 services in the sector and connected 18 services to the E-Mongolia electronic system.
The main systems of the industry such as ehalamj, ejob, ezuvshuurul and etuslamj have been presented during the meeting. E.Batshugar, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Parliament, emphasized the "ejob" platform, which provides employment mediation services of public and private sector employers.
E.Batshugar also mentioned that citizens are able to check their information and apply through the e-mongolia and e-halamj systems.
The Ministry of Social Welfare and Labour plays an important role in forming human resources in the field of information technology. Therefore, the operations at the policy level of the ministry have been presented.
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