Understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of land use, ecosystem services, and their relationship provides a basis for the sustainable development of ecosystems. However, the effect of land use change on multiple ecosystem services has not been widely quantified, especially in transnational areas. This study analysed the spatiotemporal characteristics of land use change in the China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor using the ESA-Global Land Cover product from 1992 to 2019. We used the InVEST model to evaluate the changes in carbon storage, habitat quality, water yield, and soil retention and quantified the contribution of land use to the changes in ecosystem services by calculating the ecosystem service contribution index (ESCI). The results showed that from 1992 to 2019, the urban/built-up environment and croplands increased by 22,010 km2 and 32,946 km2, respectively, which led to the continuous decline of forests. The implementation of ecological projects significantly decreased the barren environment. The value of four ecosystem services gradually decreased depending on the distance from the coastline and improved overall from 1992 to 2019. Land use conversion significantly affected ecosystem services. The expansion of croplands, urbanisation, and desertification had a significant negative impact on ecosystem services and the conversion to grasslands. Forests had a significant positive impact on ecosystem services. The findings will enrich our understanding of ecosystem services in transnational areas and help balance the relationship between ecological conservation and social-economic development in the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor.

See the full report on the link https://www.sciencedirect.com/.../abs/pii/S0959652622017814

Global mining personality and financier Robert Friedland has singled out Africa and the Arabian Shield as the venues where the world’s future-facing minerals and metals will be responsibly produced.

“This is where humanity is going to make it or break it,” he told the Investing in Africa Mining Indaba currently underway in Cape Town, South Africa.

He points out that the large copper mines in Latin America are aging and declining in grade, requiring increasing amounts of fossil-fuel-derived energy to process ever-increasing tonnages to keep up with historical production.

“They’re very low grade, and they produce a lot of global warming gas. They have a lot of work to do to make them green. It’s Africa where you have a young population where you have the possibility for introducing sustainable development,” he said during one of his usual ‘shock and awe’ bravado presentations.

According to Friedland, humanity has mined about 700 million tonnes of copper to date. The problem is the need to mine that same amount in the next 22 years to keep up with the deepening green energy transition.

“If we’re going to change and stop burning coal and stop burning oil, we can’t put Africa into poverty. We must maintain economic growth,” he said. “How do we have an energy transformation and not plunge the world into chaos?” he asked.

In terms of carbon dioxide emissions in the last 250 years, Europe generated 531 billion tonnes of carbon emissions, and the United States alone produced 416 billion tonnes of carbon emissions.

“That’s how London got built. That’s how Germany got built. That’s how New York got built; Los Angeles,” Friedland pointed out.

The relatively late bloomer China is catching up, creating 235 billion tonnes of emissions.

But in comparison, Africa has produced only about 47 billion tonnes. “Africa has produced almost no global warming, yet it has a total population larger than China’s. So, how do we get to a world without all that air pollution and with clean air while still being fair to the Africans? It’s a huge question,” he said.

The crux of the issue, in his view, is the urgent global need to reduce air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, air quality is the single most significant risk to health. Urbanization exacerbates this trend.

For this reason, the energy revolution is accelerating at an unprecedented cadence.

For example, Saudi Arabia wants to reduce their mineral imports and derive 50% of its energy from renewable energy. “When you look at renewable energy and want to reduce dependence on hydrocarbon, you need the mining industry. There’s just no escaping it,” he said.

The ‘electric-everything’ era

Friedland points out that the problem is that renewable technologies are “incredibly” energy and metals-intensive.

“We’re going to have a freakout as we try to change the world economy unless we develop a lot more mines,” said Friedland.

Solar and wind energy require between seven and 37 times more copper per unit of electrical energy produced than simply burning oil or having a nuclear power plant.

“The new giant windmills as tall as the Eiffel Tower – these are the next generation ones – they’re 12 megawatts each. That’s a lot of power per windmill. In the US, we will need 5.5 million tonnes of copper just in the next few years to put up these big General Electric windmills. Where is this copper going to come from?” he said.

Friedland continued to sketch a dire scenario where mining cannot keep up with the demands of the energy revolution.

Related: ‘Miner’s revenge’ is coming with electric cars, Friedland says

By 2030, 20 million EV charging points will need 250% more copper. By 2040 passenger EVs will require 3.7 million tonnes more copper per year. In contrast, internal combustion engine-driven vehicles need only about 1 million tonnes of incremental copper.

“We need eight new Kamoa-Kakula mines to supply the expected 9 million tonne copper supply gap by 2030,” he said.

At the world’s largest copper mine, Escondida, grades are falling. Its energy needs increased 16-fold to produce the same amount of copper. Meanwhile, social upheaval in South America against climate change and mining is ironically impeding their potential role in the emerging green economy.

Wood Mackenzie in 2021 said the world needs to invest $240 billion over the next five years to meet growing demand. “That’s a pretty big number. We put about $2.5 billion into the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We’re probably halfway through our current expansion of about $5 to $6 billion of capital investment required. And this is the best development project on a planetary scale,” he said.

According to Friedland’s data, a single 1,000-pound electric vehicle battery requires 500,000 pounds of raw material. “So, to transition just the world’s passenger cars to electric, we have to mine more materials in the next 30 years that we mined throughout human history,” he said.

“Tesla expects a global battery minerals shortage. Maybe, therefore, Elon Musk was selling a few shares. He’s blaming it on a Twitter poll; remember that. But perhaps he realizes there won’t be enough metals around to satisfy these ambitious growths charts,” said Friedland.

And now Mercedes has come out with a 1,000 kilometres-range vehicle on a single charge. “Shouldn’t everybody in Africa have a car like that? Why not? But how do we get there from here? We must change the way we generate electrical energy. We have to change the way we transmit electrical energy, changing the way the whole supply chain is driven. We need orders of magnitude more responsible mining to achieve this,” said Friedland.

‘Hydrogen century’

With that, Friedland heralded the advent of the “hydrogen century” for South Africa.

He noted South Africa is home to the most significant platinum-palladium assets globally. No one has figured out how to use the most common element in the universe, hydrogen, without platinum.

“The hydrogen economy is opening soon at a theatre near you,” he said.

Friedland pointed to examples of the hydrogen economy already taking off.

Airbus is testing a hydrogen-powered engine on an Airbus 380 Jumbo. “The only thing coming out of those engines is water, water vapour. But you can’t do it without platinum metal. And the British want to convert every train to hydrogen fuel cells, eliminating all diesel engines on the trains,” he said.

According to Friedland, the hydrogen fuel cell technology entirely depends on South African platinum. “We’re not going to buy it from the Russian Tsar. He’s killing people with his cash flow. Until he stops that kind of behaviour, we will not buy his platinum. Certainly not in Europe, not in the United States and certainly not in civilized countries who think about the moral imperative of the supply chain,” he said.

Friedland is co-chairman of Ivanhoe Mines, a Canadian mining company with three main joint-venture projects in Southern Africa able to service emerging green technological sectors. It is developing several significant new, mechanized, underground mines at the Kamoa-Kakula copper discoveries in the DRC, and the Platreef palladium-rhodium-platinum-nickel-copper-gold discovery in South Africa; and the extensive redevelopment and upgrading of the historic Kipushi zinc-copper-germanium-silver mine, also in the DRC.

Kamoa-Kakula began producing copper concentrates in May 2021 and, through phased expansions, is positioned to become one of the world’s largest copper producers. Kamoa-Kakula and Kipushi will be powered by clean, renewable hydro-generated electricity and will be among the world’s lowest greenhouse gas emitters per unit of metal produced.

Ivanhoe has pledged to achieve net-zero operational greenhouse gas emissions (Scope 1 and 2) at the Kamoa-Kakula copper mine when large-scale electric, hydrogen and hybrid underground mining equipment become commercially available.

Ivanhoe also is exploring for new copper discoveries on its Western Foreland exploration licences in the DRC, near the Kamoa-Kakula project, where it has been reporting even higher-grade mineralization.

One of the objectives that have been reflected in the action program of the Government of Mongolia is to create an internationally-acknowledged general education system in the country. In its framework, a team of researchers from the University of Cambridge are working in Mongolia.

Today on May 10, they held a meeting with Minister of Education and Science L.Enkh-Amgalan, and organized a meeting of the joint team. With aims to provide support in the implementation of the syllabuses for science, mathematics, and English, the team will be working in Ulaanbaatar city and select aimags of the country until May 21 to become acquainted with certain corresponding factors such as the schools’ learning environment, human resources, and teaching methodology.

During the meeting, the Minister briefly introduced Mongolia’s education sector and highlighted that the cooperation must focus on creating equal opportunities for quality education nationwide and eliminating the disparity between public and private schools.

As the issue concerning the access to schools and kindergartens is being resolved, the Ministry is focusing on the quality of education, he said.

With the participation and support of the University of Cambridge, Minister L.Enkh-Amgalan expressed interest in:

• bringing the national curriculum closer to the international curriculum, and improve its quality,

• strengthening the current system for preparing teachers, and their professional development,

• enhancing the evaluation system,

• establishing specialized high schools,

• and improving the correlation between levels of education.

In turn, team leader Steve King thanked the Minister for extending an invitation and creating the appropriate conditions to become acquainted with the issue. Highlighting the importance of how the Government of Mongolia is working to ensure equal access, he informed that the first report on the study will be completed by June.

Mongolia exported a total of 3.8 million tons of coal in the first four months of this year, down 48 percent year on year, Mongolian Customs General Administration said.

The significant decrease is related to border restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Coal is Mongolia’s main export commodity.

Mongolia has planned to export at least 36 million tons of coal in 2022, according to the authority.

Mongolia, which is rich in natural resources, exported 15.9 million tons of coal in 2021, down 44.3 percent year on year.

Apple has lost its position as the world's most valuable company amid a broad sell-off of technology stocks.

Saudi Arabian oil and gas producer Aramco has reclaimed the top spot from the iPhone maker for the first time in almost two years.

Investors have been selling shares in technology firms as they move into what they see as less risky assets.

Bitcoin, other major cryptocurrencies and digital assets have also continued to fall sharply.

Shares in Apple fell by more than 5% in New York on Wednesday to end the trading day with a stock market valuation of $2.37tn (£1.94tn).

That meant it lost its position as the most valuable company in the world to oil and gas producer Aramco, which was valued at $2.42tn.

It is the first time that Aramco has held the top spot since 2020. Shares in energy producers have risen this year as the cost of crude oil and natural gas have gone up.

Meanwhile Apple's shares have fallen by almost 20% since the start of the year after a sell-off in technology stocks.

The technology-heavy Nasdaq closed 3.2% lower in New York on Wednesday after official data showed that US inflation remained near a more than 40-year high.

Rising prices have been the single biggest threat to the recovery of the global economy as it emerges from the Covid-19 pandemic.

Central banks around the world have responded to the problem by raising interest rates, which has triggered a move out of riskier investments over concerns that the higher cost of borrowing will slow down economic growth.

On Thursday Japan's SoftBank Group reported a record loss of $26.2bn at its Vision Fund business as the value of its technology investments slid.

The loss was a stark contrast to a year ago when the company posted record annual profit.

Since then a number of companies SoftBank has stakes in, including ride-hailing firms Didi and Grab, have tumbled in value.

The move out of what are seen as risky assets also helped to push the price of Bitcoin below $27,000.

The world's biggest and best-known cryptocurrency has now lost about 60% of its value since hitting a record high in November last year.

Ether, the digital coin linked to the ethereum blockchain network, also fell sharply again and has now lost more than 40% of its value in the last week.

ION Energy Limited has reported a significant new brine discovery at its Urgakh Naran lithium project in Mongolia.

The brine sample, which was collected at surface from a shallow pool, assayed 918 mg/L lithium – the highest-grade lithium brine known to have been collected in Mongolia, according to Toronto-based ION.

In a statement, ION Energy CEO Ali Haji said: "These exceptional early results are extremely exciting for all stakeholders, they reinforce the company view that high quality lithium brines could be discovered at the Urgakh Naran lithium project."

“We anticipate many more positive updates to the market in the coming months as exploration is ramped up over summer. ION has an active and expanded exploration team on site at Urgakh Naran and exploration is ongoing," he added.

The sample was obtained from a surface evaporation pond indicative of lithium brine potential at depth, ION told investors, adding that the assay result may not be indicative of lithium grade at depth due to evaporation effects, but is “highly encouraging”.

The firm is planning to sink a series of targeted holes to test brine potential at depth upon completion of the current geophysical and shallow auger hole program.

ION has now completed all 72 auger drill holes for a total of 820.5 metres and 427 geochemical samples, including brine samples.

The over 29,000 hectare Urgakh Naran is a highly prospective lithium brine license in Mongolia’s Dorngovi province.

Today on May 11, the Cabinet approved the new organizational structure of ‘Erdenes Mongol’ LLC.

During the meeting, corresponding officials were tasked to pay attention to making the company’s structure small yet skilled and take the appropriate measures to define the respective roles of each department and unit, improve the state-owned company’s financial discipline and focus on efficient operations, and enhance correlation between the operations of subsidiaries and project units.

Currently, ‘Erdenes Mongol’ LLC ensures government involvement in the operations being carried out at 5 out of 16 strategically important deposits, which include putting the deposits into economic circulation. The company has three joint stock companies, 10 subsidiaries and affiliates, three project units, and an operator company.

For Ulaanbaatar city, where more than 60 percent of the population lives in ger areas, redevelopment of ger areas and building apartments should be prioritized. A project to construct apartments in ger areas of Ulaanbaatar kicked off in 2011. Since then, more than 15,000 apartments have been commissioned under the project. From this year, ger area redevelopment will be intensified and apartments for 4,500-6,000 households are planned to be built.

The quality of housing policy is one of the main indicators of the development of any city. Proper housing policy provides many benefits and gives solutions to the problems such as decentralization, congestion, and poverty.

Governor of the capital city and Mayor of Ulaanbaatar D.Sumiyabazar: “In the socialist era, green space and utilities per capita were all up to standard for urban development and planning. Since the 1990s, this policy has been lost, and the population of the capital city, which was planned to have a population of 500,000, has tripled to 1.6 million. The annual growth of the capital city’s population is 75,000.

We are working to develop Ulaanbaatar into a multi-centered city, properly plan population density, and reduce congestion. In order to become a multi-centered city, we have developed a policy to divide the city into sub-centers and develop it based on trade, services, and businesses. Unfortunately, lack of funding slows down development, delays the process, and in the meantime, public confidence declines. Therefore, one of my main tasks as the Mayor in 2020-2024 is to strengthen the housing policy.

Infrastructure is the lifeblood of ger area redevelopment and housing construction. In the past, a number of projects to expand infrastructure to ger areas have been delayed due to insufficient budget. However, starting this year, MNT 30 billion per year is included in the budget to expand ger area infrastructure and create conditions for the companies operating in this field to shorten the project implementation period. In addition, the commissioning of six sub-centers in the capital city will be a major impetus for the intensification of housing construction”.

B.Sukhbaatar: Over 80 percent of ger area residents expressed willingness to purchase apartments

Following is a short interview we took from B.Sukhbaatar, Deputy Mayor for Construction, Housing, Industry, and Technology Parks, about ger area redevelopment.

-How many ger area redevelopment projects are currently being implemented in Ulaanbaatar?

-Currently, the ger area redevelopment projects are underway in 43 locations in Ulaanbaatar. Tenders have been announced for ger area redevelopment in five additional locations. The redevelopment has always been an important objective of the former governors. We are trying to implement it without repeating the previous mistakes. According to a survey which involved people living in ger areas, more than 80 percent of ger area residents in each district expressed their willingness to purchase apartment.

In Ulaanbaatar, only 120,000 of the 220,000 households living in ger areas without housing infrastructure will be involved in redevelopment project. As the remainder of 100,000 lives in areas with no access to engineering networks, “Re-planning of the ger area” will be undertaken to create basic conditions for the people to live comfortably in their own yards. Projects and programs will be realized to increase the value of the land. As part of the ger area redevelopment, works will be launched this year to vacate lands and provide apartments for low-income people in suburban ger areas. The project will be implemented in six khoroos of Bayanzurkh and Songinokhairkhan districts, which have the largest number of ger areas.

D.Sumiyabazar: Ger area redevelopment is an ideal solution, it should be continued

The first closure of the ger redevelopment and housing project took place last week. Within the framework of the project, the land of 80 households in the 9th khoroo of Sukhbaatar district has been vacated and 700 apartments have been commissioned.

-Distrust will likely arise as it is basically an exchange of existing assets for future tangible assets. How will you increase the citizens’ confidence?

Governor of the capital city and Mayor of Ulaanbaatar D.Sumiyabazar: "We are committed to supporting private sector participation as much as possible. The first closure of the ger redevelopment and housing project took place last week and the public well-received it. Mistakes might occur, but ger area redevelopment is an ideal solution, so it should be continued. The main issue we are facing is the funding. Therefore, it is necessary to implement the housing policy for 20-30 years and attract a loan with an interest rate of 1.75-2 percent in cooperation with the Government".

CAPITAL CITY TRAINING, RESEARCH, AND PUBLIC RELATIONS AGENCY

A coal-mining community that has elected the same political party for more than a century could decide Australia’s next government this month in an election that has divided the nation over how to battle climate change.

Poll after poll has shown that the majority of Australians want to cut greenhouse gas emissions, but with the ruling conservative Liberal-National coalition holding power by a single seat and the two main political camps almost neck and neck, it could come down to a handful of constituencies where an abrupt end to coal mining would devastate communities, leaving thousands of workers without jobs.

At stake is the policy of a nation that is a potential renewable-energy superpower but still gets 70% of its electricity and about a quarter of its exports from fossil fuels. Hastening an end to the nation’s vast coal industry would make a major contribution to the global effort to limit planetary warming.

With campaigning reaching a crescendo before the May 21 vote, the spotlight has fallen on Hunter, an electorate about the size of Jamaica some 100 miles north of Sydney, and famous for wine and coal. The Hunter Valley is one of huge contrasts, with bucolic century-old vineyards along the winding Hunter River bookended by some 40 operating mines to the west and the world’s largest coal-export port of Newcastle in the east.

Ravaged by the bushfires of Australia’s “Black Summer” two years ago, but dependent on fossil fuel sales, it is the nexus of the country’s climate dilemma, and helps explain the political paralysis that’s left the nation largely silent in efforts to craft global policy to accelerate action on emissions.

Almost one in 10 workers in Hunter are directly employed by the coal mining industry, a blue-collar legacy that made it a safe bet for 112 years for the center-left Labor Party. In recent elections, Labor’s promises to accelerate the fight against climate change have spooked many traditional supporters, threatening to hand the seat to the ruling coalition headed by Prime Minister Scott Morrison, who once famously brandished a lump of coal in parliament in support of the fossil fuel sector.

Now with Labor narrowly ahead in opinion polling, winning Hunter could be vital for Morrison to hang on to power. In the last election in 2019, Labor’s strong climate-change action promises caused a 9% swing to the government. A similar shift this month would see Morrison’s party win the seat for the first time.

But it’s a delicate balancing act for both sides. To garner support from the country at large, Morrison and opposition leader Anthony Albanese have been burnishing their climate credentials. A survey last year by the Sydney-based Lowy Institute showed that 55% of Australians now say the government’s main priority for energy policy should be “reducing carbon emissions.” In Hunter, though, the political campaigns are all about promising to save jobs and keep the coal industry going long enough to safeguard livelihoods.

“Hunter Valley coal is the best coal in the world, so while there is still a market for coal, it will continue to be serviced by the mines of the Hunter Valley,” said Matthew Swan, the Port of Newcastle’s business development manager, in his office overlooking docks that ship more than 150 million tons of the fuel a year.

Swan’s words have found an unusual supporter in Labor’s candidate for Hunter — Dan Repacholi.

Olympian task

“While people want to buy our coal, we’ll sell them our coal,” said Repacholi, a giant, four-time Olympian pistol shooter and former coal worker. We will “keep building and building and building until the export market decides that and the world decides that that’s not the way we’re going to go anymore.”

On the hustings, Repacholi effortlessly bonds with workers dropping in from the local pits and businesses, but his party’s traditional reputation for bolstering miners’ rights has been eroded by its strong climate-change stance. Labor has pledged to reduce emissions 43% by 2030 and boost the share of renewable energy to 82%, with a net zero target by 2050.

For Morrison’s government, the balancing act is even harder. There’s a growing sense that voters could punish his conservatives at the election after almost a decade in power during which they tore up one of the world’s first carbon-trading programs and refused to significantly penalize polluters. Australia has one of the largest per-capita emissions tallies in the developed world and climate scientists have linked a wave of natural disasters under Morrison’s watch to climate change, including the “once every 1,000 years” floods that smashed the continent’s east coast this year.

The government did finally set a 2050 net zero target ahead of last year’s Glasgow climate summit, but hasn’t set new interim goals and its outline for change has been criticized for relying on technologies still in development, such as hydrogen, to deliver the bulk of emission reductions.

In a speech in Perth on Saturday, Morrison said that if re-elected, his government would tackle climate challenge “in a way that maintains competitiveness of our traditional industries — not writing those industries off, but strengthening them in efficient and technologically advanced ways.” The government’s candidate for Hunter, James Thomson, did not respond to requests for an interview.

For workers in Hunter, the key is not to keep the coal industry going at all costs, but to come up with a realistic way to transition to clean energy without destroying the community.

“The idea that someone is going to be able to walk out of a mining pit on Friday and rock up at a hydrogen factory on Monday and do a course over the weekend — that’s not how it works,” said Warrick Jordan of the Hunter Jobs Alliance, established by a group of unions and environmental groups to help navigate the energy transition.

Singleton, in the heart of the coal-mining region, is one of seven local government areas out of more than 500 surveyed by the the Centre for Policy Development that would be “severely” impacted by global decarbonization. Eliminating fossil fuels could affect about 300,000 jobs throughout Australia connected to coal, oil and gas exports, the center said.

“We’re not planning for the future,” said Sue Gilroy, head of the Business Chamber in Singleton, which has a population of about 22,000. “We could be diversifying and growing the other industries and the other opportunities that we have in the Hunter.”

Oldest vineyards

Those other industries include the nation’s oldest vineyards, dating back as early as the 1820s, which have a pressing need to address global warming.

More than 2,600 hectares (6,425 acres) of the valley are now under vines, including estates such as Tyrrell’s, Brokenwood and Mount Pleasant. Steadily rising temperatures over the past decades have forced growers to take steps to protect harvests, such as increasing irrigation and spraying vines with sunscreen.

“The effects of climate change are really present and obvious in the wine industry — earlier harvests, more extreme rainfall, more extreme heat events, more compressed vintages” said Alisdair Tulloch, who runs a vineyard certified as carbon neutral by Australia’s government.

Extreme weather has also pushed more people to worry about the effects of climate change in the region. Until the bushfires two years ago, Fiona Lee believed the effects of global warming would only be felt by future generations. Her house near the Hunter Valley was one of about 3,000 destroyed during Australia’s 2019 and 2020 bushfires after a prolonged drought. Now she’s a full-time climate activist.

“There’s been quite an awakening in Australia” after the blazes, Lee said from an office where she coordinates opposition to a planned A$600 million gas plant in the town of Kurri Kurri. “There needs to be much more money in the Hunter to support workers in the transition. I can’t believe there’s no plan.”

(By Ben Westcott and Jason Scott)

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) lowered its growth forecast for the Mongolian economy in 2022 to 1 percent, saying potential risks have already begun to materialize.

This came after IMF representatives led by senior economist Angana Banerji concluded a visit here aimed at assessing the country’s current economic and social situation and determining its medium-term prospects.

The IMF predicted last year that the Mongolian economy was expected to expand significantly in 2022, growing at 7 percent.

Mongolia is now facing a new shock emerging in the global economy, which is the Ukraine crisis. As a result, the country’s inflation is expected to remain high due to rising prices around the world.

If these issues are resolved, the Mongolian economic situation will improve next year, according to the IMF.

In the face of inflationary pressures, Angana Banerji advised the Mongolian government to provide further support only to the needy people, not the entire population.

In addition, the IMF suggested that Mongolia implement a poverty reduction program to increase tax revenues.